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Cute Kajal Agarwal
Telugu Movie WP -
The hottest lips are seeing red
Actress WP -
17 Cheating Pictures Collection
Adults Only -
10 Unique Houses From Around the World
Scenery Wallpapers -
Small Birds have big Love
Birds WallPapers -
Cute Kiss
Love Wallpapers -
Black Taj Mahal
Truth About Blak Taj Mahaal -
India Festival Art painting
Oil Pinting Wp -
beautiful sceneries wallpapers
Scenery WP -
Cat And Bird Cute Friendship
Birds WP -
ed ed 6 Most Popular Ways Of Couple Hugging
Adults WP -
Indian Village Paintings
Oil Pinting Wp -
Awsome moments on well & girls
Oil Painting Wp -
hansika visits simbu birthday party
Actress WP
Showing posts with label Trics for Computer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Trics for Computer. Show all posts
Windows XP Product Keys ( Total 558 windows XP Keys )
Here they are....
DP7CM-PD6MC-6BKXT-M8JJ6-RPXGI
RFC6B-QYQGW-3FXW7-F73TF-6KVMW
TPKFR-89768-H8CR6-PQHT2-HCJGQ
R7QQV-WCK32-PFW49-VD26F-TV9WM
TXTQG-PQC73-FFK2B-G2Q4J-3XBCT
QP889-3M27P-9R8XV-7PVM7-TPFKY
MGB46-3B4D9-JY7VY-TJCT2-3F3B3
WKFGC-7XTKH-CXRVC-8VHTX-HVQ46
DTK7Q-PVCQH-3J47R-FXBXQ-7W6BY
FWHJ4-TGRBJ-6JVDX-7M9HY-M3X36
JYBM8-QQCPV-479RG-TFD9V-BX4VG
TMHP4-9B6DD-6YCK7-68CF3-2GFKJ
GXVXG-T27GD-CGHQ9-FP6RF-4PWW8
H7GYF-8TYMW-GYJJJ-YVX37-G7TB8
QC6JM-DBCFJ-K9TQV-8W4DD-VRK3D
TV4FQ-98WC4-9BTCT-H2GKX-JW238
PCCWX-CT7HM-PVKH8-GQVB8-YBHWQ
RC9QR-D84GR-BW74B-DWXCG-9MXGG
RT2TJ-WQ7QY-YB6KQ-D8VDF-T23FB
JXFTG-GKHCY-96698-J48RH-947WQ
BPWQ2-VCPDF-K2W4C-HCWMX-F3VHM
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JK8V4-DBGH3-RTCWK-T89QF-9HWWQ
TGX36-TCHC2-BKPXF-WJBW9-9X938
C3RJ9-Y8D4F-MGJW3-F7KDV-DR49G
TXPCB-D99G8-KXXJG-X6P7K-MCH38
BJ2KT-6X298-WV46V-X3W42-YY228
DDD42-2W9WX-BM7YG-7J2W3-H8YMG
KY67B-32KQT-FG264-2MBH6-TBXHG
DQPHM-X9QF8-MYTWD-RY43G-KJXPB
BPB3V-X3BJG-72KPC-7QX6Y-TGD4J
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VXQRP-8PWF7-JXT8D-Q8M8T-D2XK3
P96GF-3D9PV-J2VH4-9YGQW-TMV3M
VK96H-BBKTQ-YWFHV-D7WQD-JMQK6
HXFDC-QDTC9-MBRDP-X82T4-263G8
FDK82-6B7H3-V6D64-44T4C-WRGYT
HVJRR-CHWMY-YR892-DY4G4-MQH8W
HDCQ6-GW44J-T3R9H-TBTDX-JYWPY
WW6X3-C8FH2-74424-YXMJM-3J4QB
D2WHJ-3CRB8-DRQ23-2J64X-JCB3Y
VT8PK-9H4VG-2JDC4-PPTTD-RWRC6
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MK9RR-VM3WR-BCD7C-TCT47-W9WKT
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PTX9T-GTTBJ-T2WYP-376FD-R96YT
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G6Q67-TDXX9-PXXYH-BBFDG-8W8QY
W7PM8-YTDW7-C9PRF-HM87K-KY8JJ
V284Q-G6JV3-6JKR6-CJRQM-FFVXJ
QHHDH-GXT8M-TQXKK-VFVJ2-P78M3
VMQMH-DP7T9-TBGFM-R6KRB-KCKKJ
FGK2T-FDHWW-PQGVG-98PTG-974M8
MKBYM-PDT66-KYVYB-JJG6Y-J64B6
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JVM6X-FPDH3-JTGT7-F3PT6-PT8CT
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C268V-JHKKC-BQKBF-Q984J-TBPQW
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CD36C-TG3R7-2HXYT-PPXTX-PRPJ3
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B49RF-4QGBM-9X6GD-FFDYW-FBVXD
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VP89T-KJ34Y-VPDM6-8RHY9-3DMDG
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KM6KK-K46TW-HWRG4-HM733-F3XF3
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DVYQP-GCVMP-33WKP-CB7BM-G9B7Y
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I will tell you the best and the most simple trick.You don’t require any software or addon for this trick.Website that block the right click do it using a javascript code.If you block javascript code in your browser then your right click cannot be blocked. Here is the tutorial on How To Enable Right Click on Websites
If you are Using Internet Explorer Browser
- Goto Tools>Internet options>Security
- Now Click on Custom Level
- Now find Scripting Section it will be around the end.
- Now disable Active Scripting.This will disable JavaScript and vbscript in your browser.
- Click on OK.
- Now restart your browser
- Goto Tools>Options>Content
- Uncheck the box Enable JavaScript
- Click Ok
- Open the website that have blocked your right click.
- Click on the Wrench Icon on the top right side on your browser.
- Click on Options
- Now goto Under the Hood tab
- Click on Content Setings and then on JavaScript
- Disable java script and open the website.
This post is a complete guide on how to start earning money from home with hotfile.Now,In this I would not let any stone unturned and will tell you each and every best step to earn money from hotfile.If you follow this guide then there is no reason that you wont be able to earn from hotfile.Before starting the complete step by step tutorial on Tips and Tricks to earn money money from hotfile let me give a brief introduction of hotfile.
Hotfile is a filesharing website that pays the uploaders for their file downloads.This is a trusted and genuine website and always pays on time.The best feautre is the Remote Uploading i.e you wont have to upload files by yourself,you can also upload files from other sites.So, if you have a slow internet connection then also there is not a big problem.Hotfile is free to register.
Here is the payment proof from hotfile
1. Goto hotfile and register.Its completely free.Click Here to go to hotfile
2. Register a account.After registration Login into your hotfile account.
3. Now click on Remote upload.
4. Remember always try to upload content which is not easily available or in high demand.Like latest released hollywood movies or Video songs or Tv shows or Some Templates or Games(All these things have a very high Demand)
5. To remote upload it is required that the files are stored in mediafire server.And it is quite easy to find files on mediafire.Click Here For the guide on how to search files on mediafire.
6. Now I will show you how to remote upload on hotfile from mediafire.
7. Enter the mediafire url of the file in your browser.
8. Now right click on Click here to download file and click on copy link location.
9. Paste this in the hotfile remote upload box.you can simultaneously upload multiple files by pasting each url in next line of the remote upload box.
10. After you have eneterd all the urls click on upload.
11.It will only take 2-3 minutes to upload all your files.
12. We recommend you to upload files greater then 100 mb becuase you will earn more and more if the file size is large.Below is the earnings according to file size
13. After succesful upload you will get your links for the uploaded files.Copy these links and paste them in notepad.
Now here is the big problem resolved i.e promotion of these links.
The best way to promote your download links is the use of warez forums.These are huge source of downloads but you will only get the downloads if and only if you have something that is not easily available or is in high demand.
If you have Some warez like movies, games or softwares etc that you have uploaded on hotfile and want to promote these links then here are some of the best forums where you can share your links.
katzforums
warez-bb
projectw
bayw
freshwap
downarchive
amaderforum
ultimate-war3z
softsclub
warezforum
warezgen
warezlobby
Register on all of the above forums and post your threads in relevant sections of the forums.
(We reccomend you to build your own huge forum list where you can share you files in addtion to the above forums)
Now here is the step by step guide on how to make you post attrative an get huge downloads.
Three things to know for posting:
1- Whatever you post, it should have an image.You can post images to free image hosting sites like. tinypic or imageshack etc.you will get the code of your image after uploading.Image code will be as:
[IMG]IMAGE LINK[/IMG]
2- You will have to add a little description about your file.For movies you can try imdb.com, softwares do have a description in the Help–>about page.you can copy.while description is not necessary in music videos, wallpapers etc.youR description should be enclosed by quote tag as
[QUOTE]your description[/QUOTE]
3- After you upload your file, you will get a link. link shall be enclosed by tag code as:
[CODE]your link[/CODE]
NOTE:If you have a good internet connection then we reccomend you to download latest movies or softwares or games as soon as they are available on torrents and manually upload them on hotfile.This will give you a huge edge over others becuase you will be the only one who is currently sharing that file and you will get very huge amount of downloads.
Read more
Hotfile is a filesharing website that pays the uploaders for their file downloads.This is a trusted and genuine website and always pays on time.The best feautre is the Remote Uploading i.e you wont have to upload files by yourself,you can also upload files from other sites.So, if you have a slow internet connection then also there is not a big problem.Hotfile is free to register.
Here is the payment proof from hotfile
1. Goto hotfile and register.Its completely free.Click Here to go to hotfile
2. Register a account.After registration Login into your hotfile account.
3. Now click on Remote upload.
4. Remember always try to upload content which is not easily available or in high demand.Like latest released hollywood movies or Video songs or Tv shows or Some Templates or Games(All these things have a very high Demand)
5. To remote upload it is required that the files are stored in mediafire server.And it is quite easy to find files on mediafire.Click Here For the guide on how to search files on mediafire.
6. Now I will show you how to remote upload on hotfile from mediafire.
7. Enter the mediafire url of the file in your browser.
8. Now right click on Click here to download file and click on copy link location.
9. Paste this in the hotfile remote upload box.you can simultaneously upload multiple files by pasting each url in next line of the remote upload box.
10. After you have eneterd all the urls click on upload.
11.It will only take 2-3 minutes to upload all your files.
12. We recommend you to upload files greater then 100 mb becuase you will earn more and more if the file size is large.Below is the earnings according to file size
13. After succesful upload you will get your links for the uploaded files.Copy these links and paste them in notepad.
Now here is the big problem resolved i.e promotion of these links.
The best way to promote your download links is the use of warez forums.These are huge source of downloads but you will only get the downloads if and only if you have something that is not easily available or is in high demand.
If you have Some warez like movies, games or softwares etc that you have uploaded on hotfile and want to promote these links then here are some of the best forums where you can share your links.
katzforums
warez-bb
projectw
bayw
freshwap
downarchive
amaderforum
ultimate-war3z
softsclub
warezforum
warezgen
warezlobby
Register on all of the above forums and post your threads in relevant sections of the forums.
(We reccomend you to build your own huge forum list where you can share you files in addtion to the above forums)
Now here is the step by step guide on how to make you post attrative an get huge downloads.
Three things to know for posting:
1- Whatever you post, it should have an image.You can post images to free image hosting sites like. tinypic or imageshack etc.you will get the code of your image after uploading.Image code will be as:
[IMG]IMAGE LINK[/IMG]
2- You will have to add a little description about your file.For movies you can try imdb.com, softwares do have a description in the Help–>about page.you can copy.while description is not necessary in music videos, wallpapers etc.youR description should be enclosed by quote tag as
[QUOTE]your description[/QUOTE]
3- After you upload your file, you will get a link. link shall be enclosed by tag code as:
[CODE]your link[/CODE]
NOTE:If you have a good internet connection then we reccomend you to download latest movies or softwares or games as soon as they are available on torrents and manually upload them on hotfile.This will give you a huge edge over others becuase you will be the only one who is currently sharing that file and you will get very huge amount of downloads.
There are a lot of websites on the Internet that provides free sms services but only handful of them allows you to send Sms without registration and anonymously.In this post I will review the services of 4 Sms websites that allows you to send Anonymous messages.
1. Smsti.in
Smsti.in allows you send message of complete 160 words and without any ads.There message service is very fast and you can even check the delivery reports of the sms that has been sent.
They provide their sms services for Indian Mobile numbers only.
2. Seasms.com
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A Complete list of DOS Command Index
DOS Command Index
Information about all current DOS commands
APPEND
(External)
APPEND ;
APPEND [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
APPEND [/X:on|off][/path:on|off] [/E]
Displays or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the current path.
ASSIGN
(External)
ASSIGN x=y [...] /sta
Redirects disk drive requests to a different drive.
ATTRIB
(External)
ATTRIB [d:][path]filename [/S]
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H] [d:][path]filename [/S]
Sets or displays the read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes of a file or directory.
BACKUP
(External)
BACKUP d:[path][filename] d:[/S][/M][/A][/F:(size)] [/P][/D:date] [/T:time] [/L:[path]filename]
Makes a backup copy of one or more files. (In DOS Version 6, this program is stored on the DOS supplemental disk.)
BREAK
(Internal)
BREAK =on|off
Used from the DOS prompt or in a batch file or in the CONFIG.SYS file to set (or display) whether or not DOS should check for a Ctrl + Break key combination.
BUFFERS
(Internal)
BUFFERS=(number),(read-ahead number)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of disk buffers (number) that will be available for use during data input. Also used to set a value for the number of sectors to be read in advance (read-ahead) during data input operations.
CALL
(Internal)
CALL [d:][path]batchfilename [options]
Calls another batch file and then returns to current batch file to continue.
CHCP
(Internal)
CHCP (codepage)
Displays the current code page or changes the code page that DOS will use.
CHDIR
(Internal)
CHDIR (CD) [d:]path
CHDIR (CD)[..]
Displays working (current) directory and/or changes to a different directory.
CHKDSK
(External)
CHKDSK [d:][path][filename] [/F][/V]
Checks a disk and provides a file and memory status report.
CHOICE
(Internal)
CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N][/S][/T[:]c,nn] [text]
Used to provide a prompt so that a user can make a choice while a batch program is running.
CLS (Clear Screen)
(Internal)
CLS
Clears (erases) the screen.
COMMAND
(External)
COMMAND [d:][path] [device] [/P][/E:(size)] [/MSG][/Y [/C (command)|/K (command)]
Starts a new version of the DOS command processor (the program that loads the DOS Internal programs).
COMP
(External)
COMP [d:][path][filename] [d:][path][filename] [/A][/C][/D][/L][/N:(number)]
Compares two groups of files to find information that does not match. (See FC command).
COPY
(Internal)
COPY [/Y|-Y] [/A][/B] [d:][path]filename [/A][/B] [d:][path][filename] [/V]
or
COPY [/Y|-Y][/A][/B] [d:][path]filename+[d:][path]filename[...][d:][path][filename] [/V]
Copies and appends files.
COUNTRY
(Internal)
COUNTRY=country code,[code page][,][d:][filename]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS to use country-specific text conventions during processing.
CTTY
(Internal)
CTTY (device)
Changes the standard I/O (Input/Output) device to an auxiliary device.
DATE
(Internal)
DATE mm-dd-yy
Displays and/or sets the system date.
DBLSPACE
(External)
DBLSPACE / automount=drives
DBLSPACE /chkdsk [/F] [d:]
DBLSPACE /compress d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/F]
DBLSPACE /create d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/size=size]
DBLSPACE /defragment [d:] ]/F]
DBLSPACE /delete d:
DBLSPACE /doubleguard=0|1
DBLSPACE /format d:
DBLSPACE [/info] [d:]
DBLSPACE /list
DBLSPACE /mount[=nnn] host: [/newdrive=d:]
DBLSPACE /ratio[=ratio] [d:] [/all]
DBLSPACE /size[=size] [/reserve=size] d:
DBLSPACE /uncompress d:
DBLSPACE /unmount [d:]
A program available with DOS 6.0 that allows you to compress information on a disk.
DEBUG
(External)
DEBUG [pathname] [parameters]
An MS-DOS utility used to test and edit programs.
DEFRAG
(External)
DEFRAG [d:] [/F][/S[:]order] [/B][/skiphigh [/LCD|/BW|/GO] [/H]
DEFRAG [d:] [/V][/B][/skiphigh] [/LCD]|/BW|/GO] [/H]
Optimizes disk performance by reorganizing the files on the disk.
DEL (ERASE)
(Internal)
DEL (ERASE) [d:][path]filename [/P]
Deletes (erases) files from disk.
DELOLDOS
(External)
DELOLDOS [/B]
Deletes all files from previous versions of DOS after a 5.0 or 6.0 installation.
DELTREE
(External)
DELTREE [/Y] [d:]path [d:]path[...]
Deletes (erases) a directory including all files and subdirectories that are in it.
DEVICE
(Internal)
DEVICE=(driver name)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver to load.
DEVICEHIGH
(Internal)
DEVICEHIGH=(driver name)
Like DEVICE, DEVICEHIGH is used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver software to use for devices; however, this option is used to install the device driver into the upper memory area.
DIR
(Internal)
DIR [d:][path][filename] [/A:(attributes)] [/O:(order)] [/B][/C][/CH][/L][/S][/P][/W]
Displays directory of files and directories stored on disk.
DISKCOMP
(External)
DISKCOMP [d:] [d:][/1][/8]
Compares the contents of two diskettes.
DISKCOPY
(External)
DISKCOPY [d:] [d:][/1][/V][/M]
Makes an exact copy of a diskette.
DOS
(Internal)
DOS=[high|low],[umb|noumb]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the memory location for DOS. It is used to load DOS into the upper memory area and to specify whether or not the upper memory blocks will be used.
DOSKEY
(External)
DOSKEY [reinstall] [/bufsize=size][/macros][/history][/insert|/overstrike] [macroname=[text]]
Loads the Doskey program into memory which can be used to recall DOS commands so that you can edit them.
DOSSHELL
(External)
DOSSHELL [/B] [/G:[resolution][n]]|[/T:[resolution][n]]
Initiates the graphic shell program using the specified screen resolution.
DRIVPARM
(Internal)
DRIVPARM= /D:(number) [/C] [/F:(form factor)] [/H:(number)] [/I][ /N][/S:(number)] [/T:(tracks)]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set parameters for a disk drive.
ECHO
(Internal)
ECHO on|off
ECHO (message)
Displays messages or turns on or off the display of commands in a batch file.
EDIT
(External)
EDIT [d:][path]filename [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]
Starts the MS-DOS editor, a text editor used to create and edit ASCII text files.
EMM386
(External)
EMM386 [on|off|auto] [w=on|off]
Enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.
EXE2BIN
(External)
EXE2BIN [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Converts .EXE (executable) files to binary format.
EXIT
(Internal)
EXIT
Exits a secondary command processor.
EXPAND
(External)
EXPAND [d:][path]filename [[d:][path]filename[ . . .]]
Expands a compressed file.
FASTHELP
(External)
FASTHELP [command][command] /?
Displays a list of DOS commands with a brief explanation of each.
FASTOPEN
(External)
FASTOPEN d:[=n][/X]
Keeps track of the locations of files for fast access.
FC
(External)
FC [/A][/C][/L][/Lb n][/N][/T][/W][number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
or (for binary comparisons)
FC [/B][/number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Displays the differences between two files or sets of files.
FCBS
(Internal)
FCBS=(number)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the number of file-control blocks for file sharing.
FDISK
(External)
FDISK [/status]
Prepares a fixed disk to accept DOS files for storage.
FILES
(Internal)
FILES=(number)
Used in the CONFIG.Sys file to specify the maximum number of files that can be open at the same time.
FIND
(External)
FIND [/V][/C][/I][/N] ÒstringÓ [d:][path]filename[...]
Finds and reports the location of a specific string of text characters in one or more files.
FOR
(Internal)
FOR %%(variable) IN (set) DO (command)
or (for interactive processing)
FOR %(variable) IN (set) DO (command)
Performs repeated execution of commands (for both batch processing and interactive processing).
FORMAT
(External)
FORMAT d:[/1][/4][/8][/F:(size)] [/N:(sectors)] [/T:(tracks)][/B|/S][/C][/V:(label)] [/Q][/U][/V]
Formats a disk to accept DOS files.
GOTO
(Internal)
GOTO (label)
Causes unconditional branch to the specified label.
GRAFTABL
(External)
GRAFTABL [(code page)]
GRAFTABL [status]
Loads a table of character data into memory (for use with a color/graphics adapter).
GRAPHICS
(External)
GRAPHICS [printer type][profile] [/B][/R][/LCD][/PB:(id)] [/C][/F][/P(port)]
Provides a way to print contents of a graphics screen display.
HELP
(External)
HELP [command] [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]
Displays information about a DOS command.
IF
(Internal)
IF [NOT] EXIST filename (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] (string1)==(string2) (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL (number) (command) [parameters]
Allows for conditional operations in batch processing.
INCLUDE
(Internal)
INCLUDE= blockname
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to allow you to use the commands from one CONFIG.SYS block within another.
INSTALL
(Internal)
INSTALL=[d: ][\path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to load memory-resident programs into conventional memory.
INTERLINK
(External)
INTERLINK [client[:]=[server][:]]
Connects two computers via parallel or serial ports so that the computers can share disks and printer ports.
INTERSVR
(External)
INTERSVR [d:][...][/X=d:][...] [/LPT:[n|address]] [/COM:[n|address]][/baud:rate] [/B][/V]
INTERSVR /RCOPY
Starts the Interlink server.
JOIN
(External)
JOIN d: [d:path]
JOIN d: [/D]
Allows access to the directory structure and files of a drive through a directory on a different drive.
KEYB
(External)
KEYB [xx][,][yyy][,][d:][path]filename [/E][/ID:(number)]
Loads a program that replaces the support program for U. S. keyboards.
LABEL
(External)
LABEL [d:][volume label]
Creates or changes or deletes a volume label for a disk.
LASTDRIVE
(Internal)
LASTDRIVE=(drive letter)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the maximum number of drives that can be accessed.
LOADFIX
(Internal)
LOADFIX [d:][path]filename [parameters]
Ensures that a program is loaded above the first 64K of conventional memory, and runs the program.
LOADHIGH
(Internal)
LOADHIGH (LH) [d:][path]filename [parameters]
Loads memory resident application into reserved area of memory (between 640K-1M).
MEM
(External)
MEM [/program|/debug|/classify|/free|/module(name)] [/page]
Displays amount of installed and available memory, including extended, expanded, and upper memory.
MEMMAKER
(External)
MEMMAKER [/B][/batch][/session][/swap:d] [/T][/undo][/W:size1,size2]
Starts the MemMaker program, a program that lets you optimize your computer's memory.
MENUCOLOR
(Internal)
MENUCOLOR=textcolor,[background]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the colors that will be used by DOS to display text on the screen.
MENUDEFAULT
(Internal)
MENUDEFAULT=blockname, [timeout]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the startup configuration that will be used by DOS if no key is pressed within the specified timeout period.
MENUITEM
(Internal)
MENUITEM=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a start-up menu from which you can select a group of CONFIG.SYS commands to be processed upon reboot.
MIRROR
(External)
MIRROR [d:]path [d:] path [...]
MIRROR [d1:][d2:][...] [/T(drive)(files)] [/partn][/U][/1]
Saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.
MKDIR
(MD) (Internal)
MKDIR (MD) [d:]path
Creates a new subdirectory.
MODE
(External)
MODE n
MODE LPT#[:][n][,][m][,][P][retry]
MODE [n],m[,T]
MODE (displaytype,linetotal)
MODE COMn[:]baud[,][parity][,][databits][,][stopbits][,][retry]
MODE LPT#[:]=COMn [retry]
MODE CON[RATE=(number)][DELAY=(number)]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage list) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE SELECT=(codepage)
MODE (device) CODEPAGE [/STATUS]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE REFRESH
Sets mode of operation for devices or communications.
MORE
(External)
MORE < (filename or command)
(name)|MORE
Sends output to console, one screen at a time.
MOVE
(Internal)
MOVE [/Y|/-Y] [d:][path]filename[,[d:][path]filename[...]] destination
Moves one or more files to the location you specify. Can also be used to rename directories.
MSAV
(External)
MSAV [d:] [/S|/C][/R][/A][/L][/N][/P][/F][/video][/mouse]
MSAV /video
Scans your computer for known viruses.
MSBACKUP
(External)
MSBACKUP [setupfile] [/BW|/LCD|/MDA]
Used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.
MSCDEX
(External)
MSCDEX /D:driver [/D:driver2. . .] [/E][/K][/S][/V][/L:letter] [/M:number]
Used to gain access to CD-ROM drives (new with DOS Version 6).
MSD
(External)
MSD [/B][/I]
MSD [/I] [/F[d:][path]filename [/P[d:][path]filename [/S[d:][path]filename
Provides detailed technical information about your computer.
NLSFUNC
(External)
NLSFUNC [d:][path]filename
Used to load a file with country-specific information.
NUMLOCK
(Internal)
NUMLOCK=on|off
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the state of the NumLock key.
PATH
(Internal)
PATH;
PATH [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
Sets or displays directories that will be searched for programs not in the current directory.
PAUSE
(Internal)
PAUSE [comment]
Suspends execution of a batch file until a key is pressed.
POWER
(External)
POWER [adv:max|reg|min]|std|off]
Used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation.
PRINT
(External)
PRINT [/B:(buffersize)] [/D:(device)] [/M:(maxtick)] [/Q:(value] [/S:(timeslice)][/U:(busytick)] [/C][/P][/T] [d:][path][filename] [...]
Queues and prints data files.
PROMPT
(Internal)
PROMPT [prompt text] [options]
Changes the DOS command prompt.
RECOVER
(External)
RECOVER [d:][path]filename
RECOVER d:
Resolves sector problems on a file or a disk. (Beginning with DOS Version 6, RECOVER is no longer available ).
REM
(Internal)
REM [comment]
Used in batch files and in the CONFIG.SYS file to insert remarks (that will not be acted on).
RENAME (REN)
(Internal)
RENAME (REN) [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Changes the filename under which a file is stored.
REPLACE
(External)
REPLACE [d:][path]filename [d:][path] [/A][/P][/R][/S][/U][/W]
Replaces stored files with files of the same name from a different storage location.
RESTORE
(External)
RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename [/P][/S][/B:mm-dd-yy] [/A:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm:ss] [/L:hh:mm:ss] [/M][/N][/D]
Restores to standard disk storage format files previously stored using the BACKUP command.
RMDIR (RD)
(Internal)
RMDIR (RD) [d:]path
Removes a subdirectory.
SCANDISK
(External)
SCANDISK [d: [d: . . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISK volume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK /fragment [d:][path]filename
SCANDISK /undo [undo-d:][/mono]
Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors and correct any problems that it finds.
SELECT
(External)
SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]
Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this command is no longer available).
SET
(Internal)
SET (string1)=(string2)
Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.
SETVER
(External)
SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]
Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.
SHARE
(External)
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Installs support for file sharing and file locking.
SHELL
(Internal)
SHELL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the command interpreter that DOS should use.
SHIFT
(Internal)
SHIFT
Increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
SORT
(External)
SORT [/R][/+n] < (filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] > (filename2)
Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a file.
STACKS
(Internal)
STACKS=(number),(size)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of stack frames and the size of each stack frame.
SUBMENU
(Internal)
SUBMENU=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a multilevel menu from which you can select start-up options.
SUBST
(External)
SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D
Substitutes a virtual drive letter for a path designation.
SWITCHES
(Internal)
SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different hardware configurations.
SYS
(External)
SYS [source] d:
Transfers the operating system files to another disk.
TIME
(Internal)
TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]
Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.
TREE
(External)
TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]
Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.
TYPE
(Internal)
TYPE [d:][path]filename
Displays the contents of a file.
UNDELETE
(External)
UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]
Restores files deleted with the DELETE command.
UNFORMAT
(External)
UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]
Used to undo the effects of formatting a disk.
VER
(Internal)
VER
Displays the DOS version number.
VERIFY
(Internal)
VERIFY on|off
Turns on the verify mode; the program checks all copying operations to assure that files are copied correctly.
VOL
(Internal)
VOL [d:]
Displays a disk's volume label.
VSAFE
(External)
VSAFE [/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx] [/N][/D][/U]
VSAFE is a memory-resident program that continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a warning when it finds one.
XCOPY
(External)
XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.
Syntax Notes
To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way: this command entry structure is known as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print.
For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on the other hand, is how YOU enter the command to make it work.
Command Syntax Elements
1. Command Name
The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a mix of both.
2. Space
Always leave a space after the command name.
3. Drive Designation
The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).
4. A Colon
When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).
5. Pathname
A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.
6. Filename
A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer letters or other legal characters.
7. Filename Extension
A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.
8. Switches
Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.
9. Brackets
Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without entering the information contained inside the brackets.
10. Ellipses
Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.
11. Vertical Bar
When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example: ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both
Information about all current DOS commands
APPEND
(External)
APPEND ;
APPEND [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
APPEND [/X:on|off][/path:on|off] [/E]
Displays or sets the search path for data files. DOS will search the specified path(s) if the file is not found in the current path.
ASSIGN
(External)
ASSIGN x=y [...] /sta
Redirects disk drive requests to a different drive.
ATTRIB
(External)
ATTRIB [d:][path]filename [/S]
ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [+S|-S] [+H|-H] [d:][path]filename [/S]
Sets or displays the read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes of a file or directory.
BACKUP
(External)
BACKUP d:[path][filename] d:[/S][/M][/A][/F:(size)] [/P][/D:date] [/T:time] [/L:[path]filename]
Makes a backup copy of one or more files. (In DOS Version 6, this program is stored on the DOS supplemental disk.)
BREAK
(Internal)
BREAK =on|off
Used from the DOS prompt or in a batch file or in the CONFIG.SYS file to set (or display) whether or not DOS should check for a Ctrl + Break key combination.
BUFFERS
(Internal)
BUFFERS=(number),(read-ahead number)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of disk buffers (number) that will be available for use during data input. Also used to set a value for the number of sectors to be read in advance (read-ahead) during data input operations.
CALL
(Internal)
CALL [d:][path]batchfilename [options]
Calls another batch file and then returns to current batch file to continue.
CHCP
(Internal)
CHCP (codepage)
Displays the current code page or changes the code page that DOS will use.
CHDIR
(Internal)
CHDIR (CD) [d:]path
CHDIR (CD)[..]
Displays working (current) directory and/or changes to a different directory.
CHKDSK
(External)
CHKDSK [d:][path][filename] [/F][/V]
Checks a disk and provides a file and memory status report.
CHOICE
(Internal)
CHOICE [/C[:]keys] [/N][/S][/T[:]c,nn] [text]
Used to provide a prompt so that a user can make a choice while a batch program is running.
CLS (Clear Screen)
(Internal)
CLS
Clears (erases) the screen.
COMMAND
(External)
COMMAND [d:][path] [device] [/P][/E:(size)] [/MSG][/Y [/C (command)|/K (command)]
Starts a new version of the DOS command processor (the program that loads the DOS Internal programs).
COMP
(External)
COMP [d:][path][filename] [d:][path][filename] [/A][/C][/D][/L][/N:(number)]
Compares two groups of files to find information that does not match. (See FC command).
COPY
(Internal)
COPY [/Y|-Y] [/A][/B] [d:][path]filename [/A][/B] [d:][path][filename] [/V]
or
COPY [/Y|-Y][/A][/B] [d:][path]filename+[d:][path]filename[...][d:][path][filename] [/V]
Copies and appends files.
COUNTRY
(Internal)
COUNTRY=country code,[code page][,][d:][filename]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS to use country-specific text conventions during processing.
CTTY
(Internal)
CTTY (device)
Changes the standard I/O (Input/Output) device to an auxiliary device.
DATE
(Internal)
DATE mm-dd-yy
Displays and/or sets the system date.
DBLSPACE
(External)
DBLSPACE / automount=drives
DBLSPACE /chkdsk [/F] [d:]
DBLSPACE /compress d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/F]
DBLSPACE /create d: [/newdrive=host:] [/reserve=size] [/size=size]
DBLSPACE /defragment [d:] ]/F]
DBLSPACE /delete d:
DBLSPACE /doubleguard=0|1
DBLSPACE /format d:
DBLSPACE [/info] [d:]
DBLSPACE /list
DBLSPACE /mount[=nnn] host: [/newdrive=d:]
DBLSPACE /ratio[=ratio] [d:] [/all]
DBLSPACE /size[=size] [/reserve=size] d:
DBLSPACE /uncompress d:
DBLSPACE /unmount [d:]
A program available with DOS 6.0 that allows you to compress information on a disk.
DEBUG
(External)
DEBUG [pathname] [parameters]
An MS-DOS utility used to test and edit programs.
DEFRAG
(External)
DEFRAG [d:] [/F][/S[:]order] [/B][/skiphigh [/LCD|/BW|/GO] [/H]
DEFRAG [d:] [/V][/B][/skiphigh] [/LCD]|/BW|/GO] [/H]
Optimizes disk performance by reorganizing the files on the disk.
DEL (ERASE)
(Internal)
DEL (ERASE) [d:][path]filename [/P]
Deletes (erases) files from disk.
DELOLDOS
(External)
DELOLDOS [/B]
Deletes all files from previous versions of DOS after a 5.0 or 6.0 installation.
DELTREE
(External)
DELTREE [/Y] [d:]path [d:]path[...]
Deletes (erases) a directory including all files and subdirectories that are in it.
DEVICE
(Internal)
DEVICE=(driver name)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver to load.
DEVICEHIGH
(Internal)
DEVICEHIGH=(driver name)
Like DEVICE, DEVICEHIGH is used in the CONFIG.SYS file to tell DOS which device driver software to use for devices; however, this option is used to install the device driver into the upper memory area.
DIR
(Internal)
DIR [d:][path][filename] [/A:(attributes)] [/O:(order)] [/B][/C][/CH][/L][/S][/P][/W]
Displays directory of files and directories stored on disk.
DISKCOMP
(External)
DISKCOMP [d:] [d:][/1][/8]
Compares the contents of two diskettes.
DISKCOPY
(External)
DISKCOPY [d:] [d:][/1][/V][/M]
Makes an exact copy of a diskette.
DOS
(Internal)
DOS=[high|low],[umb|noumb]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the memory location for DOS. It is used to load DOS into the upper memory area and to specify whether or not the upper memory blocks will be used.
DOSKEY
(External)
DOSKEY [reinstall] [/bufsize=size][/macros][/history][/insert|/overstrike] [macroname=[text]]
Loads the Doskey program into memory which can be used to recall DOS commands so that you can edit them.
DOSSHELL
(External)
DOSSHELL [/B] [/G:[resolution][n]]|[/T:[resolution][n]]
Initiates the graphic shell program using the specified screen resolution.
DRIVPARM
(Internal)
DRIVPARM= /D:(number) [/C] [/F:(form factor)] [/H:(number)] [/I][ /N][/S:(number)] [/T:(tracks)]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set parameters for a disk drive.
ECHO
(Internal)
ECHO on|off
ECHO (message)
Displays messages or turns on or off the display of commands in a batch file.
EDIT
(External)
EDIT [d:][path]filename [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]
Starts the MS-DOS editor, a text editor used to create and edit ASCII text files.
EMM386
(External)
EMM386 [on|off|auto] [w=on|off]
Enables or disables EMM386 expanded-memory support on a computer with an 80386 or higher processor.
EXE2BIN
(External)
EXE2BIN [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Converts .EXE (executable) files to binary format.
EXIT
(Internal)
EXIT
Exits a secondary command processor.
EXPAND
(External)
EXPAND [d:][path]filename [[d:][path]filename[ . . .]]
Expands a compressed file.
FASTHELP
(External)
FASTHELP [command][command] /?
Displays a list of DOS commands with a brief explanation of each.
FASTOPEN
(External)
FASTOPEN d:[=n][/X]
Keeps track of the locations of files for fast access.
FC
(External)
FC [/A][/C][/L][/Lb n][/N][/T][/W][number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
or (for binary comparisons)
FC [/B][/number] [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Displays the differences between two files or sets of files.
FCBS
(Internal)
FCBS=(number)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the number of file-control blocks for file sharing.
FDISK
(External)
FDISK [/status]
Prepares a fixed disk to accept DOS files for storage.
FILES
(Internal)
FILES=(number)
Used in the CONFIG.Sys file to specify the maximum number of files that can be open at the same time.
FIND
(External)
FIND [/V][/C][/I][/N] ÒstringÓ [d:][path]filename[...]
Finds and reports the location of a specific string of text characters in one or more files.
FOR
(Internal)
FOR %%(variable) IN (set) DO (command)
or (for interactive processing)
FOR %(variable) IN (set) DO (command)
Performs repeated execution of commands (for both batch processing and interactive processing).
FORMAT
(External)
FORMAT d:[/1][/4][/8][/F:(size)] [/N:(sectors)] [/T:(tracks)][/B|/S][/C][/V:(label)] [/Q][/U][/V]
Formats a disk to accept DOS files.
GOTO
(Internal)
GOTO (label)
Causes unconditional branch to the specified label.
GRAFTABL
(External)
GRAFTABL [(code page)]
GRAFTABL [status]
Loads a table of character data into memory (for use with a color/graphics adapter).
GRAPHICS
(External)
GRAPHICS [printer type][profile] [/B][/R][/LCD][/PB:(id)] [/C][/F][/P(port)]
Provides a way to print contents of a graphics screen display.
HELP
(External)
HELP [command] [/B][/G][/H][/NOHI]
Displays information about a DOS command.
IF
(Internal)
IF [NOT] EXIST filename (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] (string1)==(string2) (command) [parameters]
IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL (number) (command) [parameters]
Allows for conditional operations in batch processing.
INCLUDE
(Internal)
INCLUDE= blockname
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to allow you to use the commands from one CONFIG.SYS block within another.
INSTALL
(Internal)
INSTALL=[d: ][\path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to load memory-resident programs into conventional memory.
INTERLINK
(External)
INTERLINK [client[:]=[server][:]]
Connects two computers via parallel or serial ports so that the computers can share disks and printer ports.
INTERSVR
(External)
INTERSVR [d:][...][/X=d:][...] [/LPT:[n|address]] [/COM:[n|address]][/baud:rate] [/B][/V]
INTERSVR /RCOPY
Starts the Interlink server.
JOIN
(External)
JOIN d: [d:path]
JOIN d: [/D]
Allows access to the directory structure and files of a drive through a directory on a different drive.
KEYB
(External)
KEYB [xx][,][yyy][,][d:][path]filename [/E][/ID:(number)]
Loads a program that replaces the support program for U. S. keyboards.
LABEL
(External)
LABEL [d:][volume label]
Creates or changes or deletes a volume label for a disk.
LASTDRIVE
(Internal)
LASTDRIVE=(drive letter)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the maximum number of drives that can be accessed.
LOADFIX
(Internal)
LOADFIX [d:][path]filename [parameters]
Ensures that a program is loaded above the first 64K of conventional memory, and runs the program.
LOADHIGH
(Internal)
LOADHIGH (LH) [d:][path]filename [parameters]
Loads memory resident application into reserved area of memory (between 640K-1M).
MEM
(External)
MEM [/program|/debug|/classify|/free|/module(name)] [/page]
Displays amount of installed and available memory, including extended, expanded, and upper memory.
MEMMAKER
(External)
MEMMAKER [/B][/batch][/session][/swap:d] [/T][/undo][/W:size1,size2]
Starts the MemMaker program, a program that lets you optimize your computer's memory.
MENUCOLOR
(Internal)
MENUCOLOR=textcolor,[background]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the colors that will be used by DOS to display text on the screen.
MENUDEFAULT
(Internal)
MENUDEFAULT=blockname, [timeout]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the startup configuration that will be used by DOS if no key is pressed within the specified timeout period.
MENUITEM
(Internal)
MENUITEM=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a start-up menu from which you can select a group of CONFIG.SYS commands to be processed upon reboot.
MIRROR
(External)
MIRROR [d:]path [d:] path [...]
MIRROR [d1:][d2:][...] [/T(drive)(files)] [/partn][/U][/1]
Saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files.
MKDIR
(MD) (Internal)
MKDIR (MD) [d:]path
Creates a new subdirectory.
MODE
(External)
MODE n
MODE LPT#[:][n][,][m][,][P][retry]
MODE [n],m[,T]
MODE (displaytype,linetotal)
MODE COMn[:]baud[,][parity][,][databits][,][stopbits][,][retry]
MODE LPT#[:]=COMn [retry]
MODE CON[RATE=(number)][DELAY=(number)]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE PREPARE=(codepage list) [d:][path]filename
MODE (device) CODEPAGE SELECT=(codepage)
MODE (device) CODEPAGE [/STATUS]
MODE (device) CODEPAGE REFRESH
Sets mode of operation for devices or communications.
MORE
(External)
MORE < (filename or command)
(name)|MORE
Sends output to console, one screen at a time.
MOVE
(Internal)
MOVE [/Y|/-Y] [d:][path]filename[,[d:][path]filename[...]] destination
Moves one or more files to the location you specify. Can also be used to rename directories.
MSAV
(External)
MSAV [d:] [/S|/C][/R][/A][/L][/N][/P][/F][/video][/mouse]
MSAV /video
Scans your computer for known viruses.
MSBACKUP
(External)
MSBACKUP [setupfile] [/BW|/LCD|/MDA]
Used to backup or restore one or more files from one disk to another.
MSCDEX
(External)
MSCDEX /D:driver [/D:driver2. . .] [/E][/K][/S][/V][/L:letter] [/M:number]
Used to gain access to CD-ROM drives (new with DOS Version 6).
MSD
(External)
MSD [/B][/I]
MSD [/I] [/F[d:][path]filename [/P[d:][path]filename [/S[d:][path]filename
Provides detailed technical information about your computer.
NLSFUNC
(External)
NLSFUNC [d:][path]filename
Used to load a file with country-specific information.
NUMLOCK
(Internal)
NUMLOCK=on|off
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the state of the NumLock key.
PATH
(Internal)
PATH;
PATH [d:]path[;][d:]path[...]
Sets or displays directories that will be searched for programs not in the current directory.
PAUSE
(Internal)
PAUSE [comment]
Suspends execution of a batch file until a key is pressed.
POWER
(External)
POWER [adv:max|reg|min]|std|off]
Used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation.
(External)
PRINT [/B:(buffersize)] [/D:(device)] [/M:(maxtick)] [/Q:(value] [/S:(timeslice)][/U:(busytick)] [/C][/P][/T] [d:][path][filename] [...]
Queues and prints data files.
PROMPT
(Internal)
PROMPT [prompt text] [options]
Changes the DOS command prompt.
RECOVER
(External)
RECOVER [d:][path]filename
RECOVER d:
Resolves sector problems on a file or a disk. (Beginning with DOS Version 6, RECOVER is no longer available ).
REM
(Internal)
REM [comment]
Used in batch files and in the CONFIG.SYS file to insert remarks (that will not be acted on).
RENAME (REN)
(Internal)
RENAME (REN) [d:][path]filename [d:][path]filename
Changes the filename under which a file is stored.
REPLACE
(External)
REPLACE [d:][path]filename [d:][path] [/A][/P][/R][/S][/U][/W]
Replaces stored files with files of the same name from a different storage location.
RESTORE
(External)
RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename [/P][/S][/B:mm-dd-yy] [/A:mm-dd-yy][/E:hh:mm:ss] [/L:hh:mm:ss] [/M][/N][/D]
Restores to standard disk storage format files previously stored using the BACKUP command.
RMDIR (RD)
(Internal)
RMDIR (RD) [d:]path
Removes a subdirectory.
SCANDISK
(External)
SCANDISK [d: [d: . . .]|/all][/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/surface][/mono][/nosummay]
SCANDISK volume-name[/checkonly|/autofix[/nosave]|/custom][/mono][/nosummary]
SCANDISK /fragment [d:][path]filename
SCANDISK /undo [undo-d:][/mono]
Starts the Microsoft ScanDisk program which is a disk analysis and repair tool used to check a drive for errors and correct any problems that it finds.
SELECT
(External)
SELECT [d:] [d:][path] [country code][keyboard code]
Formats a disk and installs country-specific information and keyboard codes (starting with DOS Version 6, this command is no longer available).
SET
(Internal)
SET (string1)=(string2)
Inserts strings into the command environment. The set values can be used later by programs.
SETVER
(External)
SETVER [d:]:path][filename (number)][/delete][/quiet]
Displays the version table and sets the version of DOS that is reported to programs.
SHARE
(External)
SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks]
Installs support for file sharing and file locking.
SHELL
(Internal)
SHELL=[d:][path]filename [parameters]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to specify the command interpreter that DOS should use.
SHIFT
(Internal)
SHIFT
Increases number of replaceable parameters to more than the standard ten for use in batch files.
SORT
(External)
SORT [/R][/+n] < (filename)
SORT [/R][/+n] > (filename2)
Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a file.
STACKS
(Internal)
STACKS=(number),(size)
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to set the number of stack frames and the size of each stack frame.
SUBMENU
(Internal)
SUBMENU=blockname, [menutext]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to create a multilevel menu from which you can select start-up options.
SUBST
(External)
SUBST d: d:path
SUBST d: /D
Substitutes a virtual drive letter for a path designation.
SWITCHES
(Internal)
SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell DOS to emulate different hardware configurations.
SYS
(External)
SYS [source] d:
Transfers the operating system files to another disk.
TIME
(Internal)
TIME hh:mm[:ss][.cc][A|P]
Displays current time setting of system clock and provides a way for you to reset the time.
TREE
(External)
TREE [d:][path] [/A][/F]
Displays directory paths and (optionally) files in each subdirectory.
TYPE
(Internal)
TYPE [d:][path]filename
Displays the contents of a file.
UNDELETE
(External)
UNDELETE [d:][path][filename] [/DT|/DS|/DOS]
UNDELETE [/list|/all|/purge[d:]|/status|/load|/U|/S[d:]|/Td:[-entries]]
Restores files deleted with the DELETE command.
UNFORMAT
(External)
UNFORMAT d: [/J][/L][/test][/partn][/P][/U]
Used to undo the effects of formatting a disk.
VER
(Internal)
VER
Displays the DOS version number.
VERIFY
(Internal)
VERIFY on|off
Turns on the verify mode; the program checks all copying operations to assure that files are copied correctly.
VOL
(Internal)
VOL [d:]
Displays a disk's volume label.
VSAFE
(External)
VSAFE [/option[+|-]...] [/NE][/NX][Ax|/Cx] [/N][/D][/U]
VSAFE is a memory-resident program that continuously monitors your computer for viruses and displays a warning when it finds one.
XCOPY
(External)
XCOPY [d:][path]filename [d:][path][filename] [/A][/D:(date)] [/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W][Y\-Y]
Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.
Syntax Notes
To be functional, each DOS command must be entered in a particular way: this command entry structure is known as the command's "syntax." The syntax "notation" is a way to reproduce the command syntax in print.
For example, you can determine the items that are optional, by looking for information that is printed inside square brackets. The notation [d:], for example, indicates an optional drive designation. The command syntax, on the other hand, is how YOU enter the command to make it work.
Command Syntax Elements
1. Command Name
The DOS command name is the name you enter to start the DOS program (a few of the DOS commands can be entered using shortcut names). The DOS command name is always entered first. In this book, the command is usually printed in uppercase letters, but you can enter command names as either lowercase or uppercase or a mix of both.
2. Space
Always leave a space after the command name.
3. Drive Designation
The drive designation (abbreviated in this book as "d:") is an option for many DOS commands. However, some commands are not related to disk drives and therefore do not require a drive designation. Whenever you enter a DOS command that deals with disk drives and you are already working in the drive in question, you do not have to enter the drive designator. For example, if you are working in drive A (when the DOS prompt A> is showing at the left side of the screen) and you want to use the DIR command to display a directory listing of that same drive, you do not have to enter the drive designation. If you do not enter a drive designation, DOS always assumes you are referring to the drive you are currently working in (sometimes called the "default" drive).
4. A Colon
When referring to a drive in a DOS command, you must always follow the drive designator with a colon (:) (this is how DOS recognizes it as a drive designation).
5. Pathname
A pathname (path) refers to the path you want DOS to follow in order to act on the DOS command. As described in Chapter 3, it indicates the path from the current directory or subdirectory to the files that are to be acted upon.
6. Filename
A filename is the name of a file stored on disk. As described in Chapter 1, a filename can be of eight or fewer letters or other legal characters.
7. Filename Extension
A filename extension can follow the filename to further identify it. The extension follows a period and can be of three or fewer characters. A filename extension is not required.
8. Switches
Characters shown in a command syntax that are represented by a letter or number and preceded by a forward slash (for example, "/P") are command options (sometimes known as "switches"). Use of these options activate special operations as part of a DOS command's functions.
9. Brackets
Items enclosed in square brackets are optional; in other words, the command will work in its basic form without entering the information contained inside the brackets.
10. Ellipses
Ellipses (...) indicate that an item in a command syntax can be repeated as many times as needed.
11. Vertical Bar
When items are separated by a vertical bar (|), it means that you enter one of the separated items. For example: ON | OFF means that you can enter either ON or OFF, but not both
REGEDIT Keyboard Shortcuts
Searching:
"Ctrl+F" -- Opens the Find dialog box.
"F3" -- Repeats the last search.
Browsing:
"Keypad +" -- Expands the selected branch.
"Keypad -" -- Collapses the selected branch.
"Keypad *" -- Expands all the selected branch's sub keys.
"Up Arrow" -- Selects the previous key.
"Down Arrow" -- Selects the next key.
"Left Arrow" -- Collapses the selected branch if it's not collapsed; otherwise, selects the parent key.
"Right Arrow" -- Expands the selected branch if it's not already expanded; otherwise, selects the key's first sub key.
"Home" -- Selects My Computer.
"End" -- Selects the last key that's visible in the key pane.
"Page Up" -- Moves up one page in the key pane.
"Page Down" -- Moves down one page in the key pane.
"Tab" -- Moves between the key and value panes.
"F6" -- Moves between the key and value panes.
Others:
"Delete" -- Deletes the select branch or value.
"F1" -- Opens Regedit's Help.
"F2" -- Renames the selected key or value.
"F5" -- Refreshes the key and value panes.
"F10" -- Opens Regedit's menu bar.
"Shift+F10" -- Opens the shortcut menu for the selected key or value.
"Alt+F4" -- Closes Regedit.
"Ctrl+F" -- Opens the Find dialog box.
"F3" -- Repeats the last search.
Browsing:
"Keypad +" -- Expands the selected branch.
"Keypad -" -- Collapses the selected branch.
"Keypad *" -- Expands all the selected branch's sub keys.
"Up Arrow" -- Selects the previous key.
"Down Arrow" -- Selects the next key.
"Left Arrow" -- Collapses the selected branch if it's not collapsed; otherwise, selects the parent key.
"Right Arrow" -- Expands the selected branch if it's not already expanded; otherwise, selects the key's first sub key.
"Home" -- Selects My Computer.
"End" -- Selects the last key that's visible in the key pane.
"Page Up" -- Moves up one page in the key pane.
"Page Down" -- Moves down one page in the key pane.
"Tab" -- Moves between the key and value panes.
"F6" -- Moves between the key and value panes.
Others:
"Delete" -- Deletes the select branch or value.
"F1" -- Opens Regedit's Help.
"F2" -- Renames the selected key or value.
"F5" -- Refreshes the key and value panes.
"F10" -- Opens Regedit's menu bar.
"Shift+F10" -- Opens the shortcut menu for the selected key or value.
"Alt+F4" -- Closes Regedit.
Microsoft(MS) Word Shorcut keys
Keyboard Shortcut | Result in Microsoft Word |
| CTRL and A | Selects all in the current document. |
| CTRL and B | Bold text. |
| CTRL and C | Copies the item or text to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V. |
| CTRL and D | Displays the Font dialogue box. |
| CTRL and E | Centre Alignment. |
| CTRL and F | Displays the Find dialog box, to search the current document. |
| CTRL and G | Displays the Go to dialog box, to go to a specific location in the current document. |
| CTRL and H | Displays the Replace dialogue box. |
| CTRL and I | Italic text. |
| CTRL and J | Full Justification. |
| CTRL and K | Create Hyperlink |
| CTRL and L | Left Alignment |
| CTRL and M | Tab |
| CTRL and N | Creates a new document. |
| CTRL and O | Displays the Open File dialogue box. |
| CTRL and P | Displays the Print dialog box. |
| CTRL and R | Right Alignment. |
| CTRL and S | Displays the Save dialog box. |
| CTRL and U | Underline text |
| CTRL and V | Pastes the copied item or text from the Clipboard into the current position in the document. |
| CTRL and X | Cuts the item or text selected to the Clipboard. |
| CTRL and Y | Redo the last undone action. |
| CTRL and Z | Undoes the last action. |
| CTRL and ENTER | Insert Page Break. |
| CTRL and F2 | Show Print preview. |
| CTRL and F4 | Closes the active document window. |
| CTRL and F6 | Opens the next document window. |
Keyboard Shortcut | Result in Microsoft Word |
| F1 key | Get help or use the Office assistant. |
| SHIFT and F1 Key | Context sensitive help. |
| F2 Key | Move text or image. |
| SHIFT and F2 Key | Copy Text. |
| F3 Key | Insert an auto text entry. |
| SHIFT and F3 Key | Change the case of the selected text. |
| F4 Key | Perform last action again. |
| SHIFT and F4 Key | Perform a Find or Go to action again. |
| F5 Key | Displays the Go to dialogue box, from here you can also Find and Replace. |
| SHIFT and F5 Key | Move to a previous revision. |
| F6 Key | Go to the next frame or pane. |
| SHIFT and F6 Key | Go to the previous frame or pane. |
| F7 Key | Launch the Spell checker. |
| SHIFT and F7 Key | Launch the Thesaurus. |
| F8 Key | Extend the current selection. |
| SHIFT and F8 Key | Shrink the current selection. |
| F9 Key | Update the selected fields. |
| SHIFT and F9 Key | Switch between a field code and it's result. |
| F10 Key | Activate the menu bar. |
| SHIFT and F10 Key | Display a Shortcut Menu. Same as right clicking. |
| F11 Key | Go to the next field. |
| SHIFT and F11 Key | Go to the previous field. |
| F12 Key | Save file As, equivalent to tools menu. |
| SHIFT and F12 Key | Save document, equivalent to tools menu. |
Internet Explorer Hotkeys | keyboard Shortcuts
These are achieved by holding down the CONTROL (CTRL) key and pressing the assigned key
To Select all items on a webpage use CTRL and A.To Copy a selected item to the clipboard use CTRL and C.
To Paste an item from the clipboard into a document use CTRL and V.
To Add the current page/document to your favorites use CTRL and D.
To Open the IE search utility use CTRL and E.
To Open the FIND box to search the current document use CTRL and F.
To Open the History utility use CTRL and H.
To Open the Favorites utility use CTRL and I.
To Go to a new location/document use CTRL and L. Also CTRL and O.
To Open a new Explorer window use CTRL and N.
To Print the current page/document use CTRL and P.
To Refresh the current page/document use CTRL and R or use the F5 key.
To Save the current document/page use CTRL and S.
To Close the current Explorer window use CTRL and W.
These are achieved by holding down and pressing a combination of keys
To go to your default homepage use ALT and the HOME key.
To go forward one page (equivalent to the FORWARD button) use ALT and the right arrow key.
To go back one page (equivalent to the BACK button) use ALT and the left arrow key.
Mozilla Firefox Hot-keys | Keyboard Shortcuts
Windows Keyboard Shortcuts for Mozilla Firefox | |
| CTRL + A | Select all text on a webpage |
| CTRL + B | Open the Bookmarks sidebar |
| CTRL + C | Copy the selected text to the Windows clipboard |
| CTRL + D | Bookmark the current webpage |
| CTRL + F | Find text within the current webpage |
| CTRL + G | Find more text within the same webpage |
| CTRL + H | Opens the webpage History sidebar |
| CTRL + I | Open the Bookmarks sidebar |
| CTRL + J | Opens the Download Dialogue Box |
| CTRL + K | Places the cursor in the Web Search box ready to type your search |
| CTRL + L | Places the cursor into the URL box ready to type a website address |
| CTRL + M | Opens your mail program (if you have one) to create a new email message |
| CTRL + N | Opens a new Firefox window |
| CTRL + O | Open a local file |
| CTRL + P | Print the current webpage |
| CTRL + R | Reloads the current webpage |
| CTRL + S | Save the current webpage on your PC |
| CTRL + T | Opens a new Firefox Tab |
| CTRL + U | View the page source of the current webpage |
| CTRL + V | Paste the contents of the Windows clipboard |
| CTRL + W | Closes the current Firefox Tab or Window (if more than one tab is open) |
| CTRL + X | Cut the selected text |
| CTRL + Z | Undo the last action |
Windows Keyboard Shortcuts for Mozilla Firefox | |
| F1 | Opens Firefox help |
| F3 | Find more text within the same webpage |
| F5 | Reload the current webpage |
| F6 | Toggles the cursor between the address/URL input box and the current webpage |
| F7 | Toggles Caret Browsing on and off. Used to be able to select text on a webpage with the keyboard |
| F11 | Switch to Full Screen mode |
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